↑BOTSWANA
BOTSWANA↑

↑CHECKLIST
CHECKLIST↑

REMOTES
REMOTES

BOTSWANA BIRD CHECKLIST

Accessible Species

AFRICA BOTSWANA

Area (SqMi):224,652
# Species:597
# Excl Vagrants:514
# Endemics:0
# Near Endemics:3
Species/1000 SqMi:2.3

OTHER COUNTRIESIN AFRICA

BIRDING LOCALES

PRESENCE CODES

CodeDescription##
//Boreal Visitor72
\\Austral Visitor1
||Transient3
##Non-breeding Dispersal3
<>Erratic/Irregular1
()Breeding Season Only17
{}Casual/Vagrant43
[]Accidental33

STATUS CODES

CodeDescription##
NTNear Threatened14
VVulnerable10
ENEndangered10
CRCritically Endangered3

Species counts in code tables depend on completeness of the data. For some countries or locales, data may not include all species or information on species presence may be incomplete.

List of all species in the country occurring in locales typically visited by birding tours. Table indicates whether each species is globally threatened or endangered according to the IUCN and also whether it is migratory, very rare, or accidental in the country. See sidebar for meaning of location codes and symbols associated with common names.*

color codes

 
Ostriches: Struthionidae

1Common OstrichStruthio camelusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Ducks: Anatidae

2White-faced Whistling-DuckDendrocygna viduataCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
3Fulvous Whistling-DuckDendrocygna bicolorCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
4White-backed DuckThalassornis leuconotusLS,MP,OKD,TH
5Knob-billed DuckSarkidiornis melanotosCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
6Egyptian GooseAlopochen aegyptiacaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
7South African ShelduckTadorna canaMP,OKD
8Spur-winged GoosePlectropterus gambensisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
9African Pygmy-GooseNettapus auritusCNP,LS,MP,OKD
10{Garganey}Spatula querquedulaOKD
11Blue-billed TealSpatula hottentotaCNP,LS,MP,OKD
12Cape ShovelerSpatula smithiiCNP,MP,OKD
13African Black DuckAnas sparsaTH
14Yellow-billed DuckAnas undulataCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
15Cape TealAnas capensisMP,OKD
16Red-billed DuckAnas erythrorhynchaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
17[Northern Pintail]Anas acuta 
18Southern PochardNetta erythrophthalmaCNP,MP,OKD,TH
19Maccoa DuckOxyura maccoaMP,TH

 
Guineafowl: Numididae

20Helmeted GuineafowlNumida meleagrisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
21[Western Crested Guineafowl]Guttera verreauxiCNP

 
Pheasants, Grouse, and Allies: Phasianidae

22Crested FrancolinOrtygornis sephaenaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
23Coqui FrancolinCampocolinus coquiCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
24Orange River FrancolinScleroptera levaillantoidesMP
25/Common Quail/Coturnix coturnixCNP
26/Harlequin Quail/Coturnix delegorgueiCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
27Red-billed SpurfowlPternistis adspersusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
28Natal SpurfowlPternistis natalensisCNP,TH
29Swainson's SpurfowlPternistis swainsoniiCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Pigeons and Doves: Columbidae

30Rock PigeonColumba liviaMP
31Speckled PigeonColumba guineaCNP,MP,OKD,TH
32[European Turtle-Dove]Streptopelia turturOKD
33Mourning Collared-DoveStreptopelia decipiensCNP,LS,MP,OKD
34Red-eyed DoveStreptopelia semitorquataCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
35Ring-necked DoveStreptopelia capicolaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
36Laughing DoveSpilopelia senegalensisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
37Emerald-spotted Wood-DoveTurtur chalcospilosCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
38Namaqua DoveOena capensisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
39African Green-PigeonTreron calvusCNP,LS,OKD,TH

 
Sandgrouse: Pteroclidae

40Namaqua SandgrousePterocles namaquaMP,OKD
41Yellow-throated SandgrousePterocles gutturalisCNP,MP,OKD
42Double-banded SandgrousePterocles bicinctusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
43Burchell's SandgrousePterocles burchelliCNP,LS,MP,OKD

 
Bustards: Otididae

44Kori BustardArdeotis koriCNP,LS,MP,OKD
45{Ludwig's Bustard}Neotis ludwigii 
46Denham's BustardNeotis denhamiCNP,LS,MP,OKD
47[White-bellied Bustard]Eupodotis senegalensis 
48Red-crested BustardLophotis ruficristaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
49White-quilled BustardAfrotis afraoidesCNP,MP,OKD,TH
50Black-bellied BustardLissotis melanogasterCNP,LS,OKD,TH

 
Turacos: Musophagidae

51Gray Go-away-birdCrinifer concolorCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
52[Purple-crested Turaco]Gallirex porphyreolophusCNP
53[Ross's Turaco]Tauraco rossaeOKD
54[Schalow's Turaco]Tauraco schalowiCNP,LS

 
Cuckoos: Cuculidae

55Red-chested CuckooCuculus solitariusCNP,OKD,TH
56/Black Cuckoo/Cuculus clamosusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
57Common CuckooCuculus canorusCNP,LS,MP,OKD
58/African Cuckoo/Cuculus gularisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
59Black CoucalCentropus grilliiCNP,LS,OKD
60Coppery-tailed CoucalCentropus cupreicaudusCNP,LS,MP,OKD
61Senegal CoucalCentropus senegalensisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
62Burchell's CoucalCentropus burchelliiCNP,LS,OKD,TH
63(Pied Cuckoo)Clamator jacobinusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
64Levaillant's CuckooClamator levaillantiiCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
65Great Spotted CuckooClamator glandariusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
66Thick-billed CuckooPachycoccyx audebertiLS,OKD
67Klaas's CuckooChrysococcyx klaasCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
68African Emerald CuckooChrysococcyx cupreusOKD
69Dideric CuckooChrysococcyx capriusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Nightjars and Allies: Caprimulgidae

70Pennant-winged NightjarCaprimulgus vexillariusCNP,LS,OKD
71[Eurasian Nightjar]Caprimulgus europaeusCNP,LS,MP,OKD
72Rufous-cheeked NightjarCaprimulgus rufigenaCNP,MP,OKD,TH
73Fiery-necked NightjarCaprimulgus pectoralisCNP,LS,OKD,TH
74Swamp NightjarCaprimulgus natalensisCNP,LS,OKD
75Freckled NightjarCaprimulgus tristigmaCNP,OKD
76Square-tailed NightjarCaprimulgus fossiiCNP,LS,MP,OKD

 
Swifts: Apodidae

77[Bat-like Spinetail]Neafrapus boehmiOKD
78Alpine SwiftTachymarptis melbaLS,MP,OKD,TH
79/Common Swift/Apus apusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
80African SwiftApus barbatusLS,OKD,TH
81[Bradfield's Swift]Apus bradfieldi 
82Little SwiftApus affinisCNP,MP,OKD,TH
83White-rumped SwiftApus cafferCNP,OKD
84African Palm SwiftCypsiurus parvusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Rails, Gallinules, and Coots: Rallidae

85African RailRallus caerulescensCNP,LS,OKD
86Corn CrakeCrex crexLS,OKD
87(African Crake)Crecopsis egregiaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
88/Spotted Crake/Porzana porzanaMP,OKD
89/Lesser Moorhen/Gallinula angulataCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
90Eurasian MoorhenGallinula chloropusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
91Red-knobbed CootFulica cristataMP,OKD,TH
92/Allen's Gallinule/Porphyrio alleniCNP,LS,OKD
93African SwamphenPorphyrio madagascariensisCNP,LS,MP,OKD
94Striped CrakeAenigmatolimnas marginalisCNP,LS,OKD
95Black CrakeZapornia flavirostraCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
96{Baillon's Crake}Zapornia pusillaCNP,MP,OKD

 
Flufftails: Sarothruridae

97[Buff-spotted Flufftail]Sarothrura elegansOKD
98Red-chested FlufftailSarothrura rufaOKD

 
Cranes: Gruidae

99Gray Crowned-CraneBalearica regulorumCNP,MP,OKD
100Blue CraneAnthropoides paradiseusMP
101Wattled CraneBugeranus carunculatusCNP,LS,MP,OKD

 
Thick-knees: Burhinidae

102Spotted Thick-kneeBurhinus capensisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
103Water Thick-kneeBurhinus vermiculatusCNP,LS,MP,OKD

 
Stilts and Avocets: Recurvirostridae

104Black-winged StiltHimantopus himantopusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
105Pied AvocetRecurvirostra avosettaCNP,MP,OKD

 
Plovers and Lapwings: Charadriidae

106/Black-bellied Plover/Pluvialis squatarolaLS,MP,OKD
107/Common Ringed Plover/Charadrius hiaticulaLS,MP,OKD
108Three-banded PloverThinornis tricollarisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
109Long-toed LapwingVanellus crassirostrisCNP,LS,OKD
110Blacksmith LapwingVanellus armatusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
111[Spur-winged Lapwing]Vanellus spinosus 
112White-crowned LapwingVanellus albicepsCNP,OKD,TH
113Crowned LapwingVanellus coronatusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
114Wattled LapwingVanellus senegallusCNP,LS,OKD
115/Caspian Plover/Anarhynchus asiaticusCNP,LS,MP
116[Greater Sand-Plover]Anarhynchus leschenaultiiMP
117Kittlitz's PloverAnarhynchus pecuariusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
118Chestnut-banded PloverAnarhynchus pallidusCNP,MP
119White-fronted PloverAnarhynchus marginatusCNP,MP,OKD

 
Painted-Snipes: Rostratulidae

120Greater Painted-SnipeRostratula benghalensisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Jacanas: Jacanidae

121Lesser JacanaMicroparra capensisCNP,LS,OKD
122African JacanaActophilornis africanusCNP,LS,MP,OKD

 
Sandpipers and Allies: Scolopacidae

123/Whimbrel/Numenius phaeopusMP,OKD
124/Eurasian Curlew/Numenius arquataMP,OKD
125{Bar-tailed Godwit}Limosa lapponicaCNP,MP,OKD
126/Black-tailed Godwit/Limosa limosaCNP,LS,MP,OKD
127Great SnipeGallinago mediaLS,OKD
128African SnipeGallinago nigripennisCNP,LS,MP,OKD
129{Red Phalarope}Phalaropus fulicarius 
130[Red-necked Phalarope]Phalaropus lobatus 
131/Terek Sandpiper/Xenus cinereusMP,OKD
132/Common Sandpiper/Actitis hypoleucosCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
133/Green Sandpiper/Tringa ochropusMP,OKD
134/Marsh Sandpiper/Tringa stagnatilisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
135/Wood Sandpiper/Tringa glareolaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
136Common RedshankTringa totanusCNP,MP,OKD
137{Spotted Redshank}Tringa erythropusOKD
138/Common Greenshank/Tringa nebulariaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
139[Greater Yellowlegs]Tringa melanoleuca 
140Ruddy TurnstoneArenaria interpresCNP,MP,OKD
141[Red Knot]Calidris canutus 
142/Ruff/Calidris pugnaxCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
143/Curlew Sandpiper/Calidris ferrugineaCNP,LS,MP,OKD
144[Temminck's Stint]Calidris temminckii 
145/Sanderling/Calidris albaMP,OKD
146[Dunlin]Calidris alpina 
147/Little Stint/Calidris minutaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
148{Pectoral Sandpiper}Calidris melanotosLS,OKD

 
Buttonquail: Turnicidae

149Small ButtonquailTurnix sylvaticusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Pratincoles and Coursers: Glareolidae

150Double-banded CourserSmutsornis africanusCNP,MP,OKD
151Bronze-winged CourserRhinoptilus chalcopterusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
152Three-banded CourserRhinoptilus cinctusCNP
153#Temminck's Courser#Cursorius temminckiiCNP,LS,MP,OKD
154Rock PratincoleGlareola nuchalisCNP
155/Black-winged Pratincole/Glareola nordmanniCNP,LS,MP,OKD
156Collared PratincoleGlareola pratincolaCNP,LS,MP,OKD

 
Skuas and Jaegers: Stercorariidae

157[Long-tailed Jaeger]Stercorarius longicaudusCNP

 
Gulls, Terns, and Skimmers: Laridae

158[Black-headed Gull]Chroicocephalus ridibundus 
159Gray-hooded GullChroicocephalus cirrocephalusCNP,LS,MP,OKD
160Lesser Black-backed GullLarus fuscusCNP,LS,MP,OKD
161African SkimmerRynchops flavirostrisCNP,LS,MP,OKD
162[Gull-billed Tern]Gelochelidon nilotica 
163Caspian TernHydroprogne caspiaMP
164Whiskered TernChlidonias hybridaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
165Black TernChlidonias niger 
166White-winged TernChlidonias leucopterusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Flamingos: Phoenicopteridae

167Greater FlamingoPhoenicopterus roseusCNP,MP,OKD
168Lesser FlamingoPhoenicoparrus minorCNP,MP,OKD

 
Grebes: Podicipedidae

169Little GrebeTachybaptus ruficollisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
170Great Crested GrebePodiceps cristatusMP
171Eared GrebePodiceps nigricollisMP,OKD

 
Storks: Ciconiidae

172African OpenbillAnastomus lamelligerusCNP,LS,MP,OKD
173Black StorkCiconia nigraLS,MP,OKD,TH
174/Abdim's Stork/Ciconia abdimiiCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
175African Woolly-necked StorkCiconia microscelisCNP,LS,MP,OKD
176/White Stork/Ciconia ciconiaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
177Saddle-billed StorkEphippiorhynchus senegalensisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
178Marabou StorkLeptoptilos crumeniferCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
179Yellow-billed StorkMycteria ibisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Anhingas: Anhingidae

180African DarterAnhinga rufaCNP,LS,MP,OKD

 
Cormorants and Shags: Phalacrocoracidae

181Reed CormorantMicrocarbo africanusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
182Great CormorantPhalacrocorax carboCNP,LS,MP,OKD

 
Ibises and Spoonbills: Threskiornithidae

183Glossy IbisPlegadis falcinellusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
184African Sacred IbisThreskiornis aethiopicusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
185Hadada IbisBostrychia hagedashCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
186African SpoonbillPlatalea albaCNP,LS,MP,OKD

 
Herons, Egrets, and Bitterns: Ardeidae

187{Eurasian Bittern}Botaurus stellarisOKD
188Dwarf BitternBotaurus sturmiiCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
189Little BitternBotaurus minutusCNP,LS,MP,OKD
190Black-crowned Night HeronNycticorax nycticoraxCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
191Slaty EgretEgretta vinaceigulaCNP,LS,OKD
192Black HeronEgretta ardesiacaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
193Little EgretEgretta garzettaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
194White-backed Night HeronCalherodius leuconotusCNP,OKD
195Striated HeronButorides striataCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
196Rufous-bellied HeronArdeola rufiventrisCNP,LS,OKD
197Squacco HeronArdeola ralloidesCNP,LS,MP,OKD
198Western Cattle-EgretBubulcus ibisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
199Great EgretArdea albaCNP,LS,MP,OKD
200Yellow-billed EgretArdea brachyrhynchaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
201Gray HeronArdea cinereaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
202Purple HeronArdea purpureaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
203Black-headed HeronArdea melanocephalaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
204Goliath HeronArdea goliathCNP,LS,MP,OKD

 
Hamerkop: Scopidae

205HamerkopScopus umbrettaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Pelicans: Pelecanidae

206#Great White Pelican#Pelecanus onocrotalusCNP,LS,MP,OKD
207Pink-backed PelicanPelecanus rufescensCNP,LS,MP,OKD

 
Secretary-bird: Sagittariidae

208SecretarybirdSagittarius serpentariusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Osprey: Pandionidae

209/Osprey/Pandion haliaetusCNP,LS,MP,OKD

 
Hawks, Eagles, and Kites: Accipitridae

210Black-winged KiteElanus caeruleusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
211African Harrier-HawkPolyboroides typusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
212[Palm-nut Vulture]Gypohierax angolensis 
213{Egyptian Vulture}Neophron percnopterus 
214African Cuckoo-HawkAviceda cuculoidesCNP,OKD
215/European Honey-buzzard/Pernis apivorusCNP,OKD
216White-headed VultureTrigonoceps occipitalisCNP,LS,MP,OKD
217Lappet-faced VultureTorgos tracheliotosCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
218Hooded VultureNecrosyrtes monachusCNP,LS,MP,OKD
219White-backed VultureGyps africanusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
220Cape GriffonGyps coprotheresCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
221BateleurTerathopius ecaudatusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
222Western Banded Snake-EagleCircaetus cinerascensCNP,LS,OKD
223Black-chested Snake-EagleCircaetus pectoralisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
224Brown Snake-EagleCircaetus cinereusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
225[Crowned Eagle]Stephanoaetus coronatusCNP
226Martial EaglePolemaetus bellicosusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
227Long-crested EagleLophaetus occipitalisCNP,LS,OKD
228/Lesser Spotted Eagle/Clanga pomarinaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
229/Wahlberg's Eagle/Hieraaetus wahlbergiCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
230/Booted Eagle/Hieraaetus pennatusCNP,LS,MP,OKD
231/Ayres's Hawk-Eagle/Hieraaetus ayresiiCNP,LS,OKD
232Tawny EagleAquila rapaxCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
233/Steppe Eagle/Aquila nipalensisCNP,LS,MP,OKD
234Verreaux's EagleAquila verreauxiiTH
235African Hawk-EagleAquila spilogasterCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
236Bat HawkMacheiramphus alcinusCNP,LS,OKD,TH
237Gabar GoshawkMicronisus gabarCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
238Dark Chanting-GoshawkMelierax metabatesCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
239Pale Chanting-GoshawkMelierax canorusCNP,MP,OKD,TH
240Lizard BuzzardKaupifalco monogrammicusCNP,LS,OKD
241African GoshawkAerospiza tousseneliiCNP,OKD,TH
242Little SparrowhawkTachyspiza minullusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
243ShikraTachyspiza badiusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
244Ovambo SparrowhawkAccipiter ovampensisCNP,MP,OKD,TH
245Black GoshawkAstur melanoleucusCNP,OKD
246/Western Marsh Harrier/Circus aeruginosusCNP,MP,OKD
247African Marsh HarrierCircus ranivorusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
248{Black Harrier}Circus maurus 
249/Pallid Harrier/Circus macrourusCNP,LS,MP,OKD
250/Montagu's Harrier/Circus pygargusCNP,MP,OKD
251/Black Kite/Milvus migransCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
252African Fish-EagleIcthyophaga vociferCNP,LS,MP,OKD
253/Common Buzzard/Buteo buteoCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
254[Long-legged Buzzard]Buteo rufinusLS
255[Augur Buzzard]Buteo augurLS

 
Barn-Owls: Tytonidae

256Western Barn OwlTyto albaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Owls: Strigidae

257African Scops-OwlOtus senegalensisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
258Southern White-faced OwlPtilopsis grantiCNP,LS,MP,OKD
259Spotted Eagle-OwlBubo africanusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
260Verreaux's Eagle-OwlKetupa lacteaCNP,LS,MP,OKD
261Pel's Fishing-OwlScotopelia peliCNP,LS,OKD
262Pearl-spotted OwletGlaucidium perlatumCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
263African Barred OwletGlaucidium capenseCNP,LS,MP,OKD
264African Wood-OwlStrix woodfordiiLS,OKD
265Marsh OwlAsio capensisCNP,LS,MP,OKD

 
Mousebirds: Coliidae

266Speckled MousebirdColius striatusMP,TH
267Red-faced MousebirdUrocolius indicusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Trogons: Trogonidae

268Narina TrogonApaloderma narinaCNP,LS,OKD

 
Hoopoes: Upupidae

269African Hoopoe**Upupa africanaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Woodhoopoes and Scimitarbills: Phoeniculidae

270Green WoodhoopoePhoeniculus purpureusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
271Common ScimitarbillRhinopomastus cyanomelasCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Hornbills: Bucerotidae

272Southern Ground-HornbillBucorvus leadbeateriCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
273{Crowned Hornbill}Lophoceros alboterminatusCNP
274Bradfield's HornbillLophoceros bradfieldiCNP,LS,MP,OKD
275African Gray HornbillLophoceros nasutusCNP,LS,MP,OKD
276Southern Red-billed HornbillTockus rufirostrisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
277Southern Yellow-billed HornbillTockus leucomelasCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
278Trumpeter HornbillBycanistes bucinatorCNP

 
Bee-eaters: Meropidae

279White-fronted Bee-eaterMerops bullockoidesCNP,LS,OKD,TH
280Little Bee-eaterMerops pusillusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
281Swallow-tailed Bee-eaterMerops hirundineusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
282/Blue-cheeked Bee-eater/Merops persicusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
283{Olive Bee-eater}Merops superciliosus 
284/European Bee-eater/Merops apiasterCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
285/Southern Carmine Bee-eater/Merops nubicoidesCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Kingfishers: Alcedinidae

286Malachite KingfisherCorythornis cristatusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
287/African Pygmy Kingfisher/Ispidina pictaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
288/Gray-headed Kingfisher/Halcyon leucocephalaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
289/Woodland Kingfisher/Halcyon senegalensisCNP,LS,OKD,TH
290Brown-hooded KingfisherHalcyon albiventrisCNP,MP,OKD,TH
291Striped KingfisherHalcyon chelicutiCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
292Giant KingfisherMegaceryle maximaCNP,LS,OKD
293Pied KingfisherCeryle rudisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Rollers: Coraciidae

294/European Roller/Coracias garrulusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
295Lilac-breasted RollerCoracias caudatusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
296Racket-tailed RollerCoracias spatulatusCNP
297Purple RollerCoracias naeviusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
298/Broad-billed Roller/Eurystomus glaucurusCNP,LS,OKD

 
African Barbets: Lybiidae

299Crested BarbetTrachyphonus vaillantiiCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
300Yellow-fronted TinkerbirdPogoniulus chrysoconusCNP,MP,OKD,TH
301Pied BarbetTricholaema leucomelasCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
302Black-collared BarbetLybius torquatusCNP,LS,OKD,TH

 
Honeyguides: Indicatoridae

303{Green-backed Honeybird}Prodotiscus zambesiaeOKD
304Brown-backed HoneybirdProdotiscus regulusCNP,OKD
305Lesser HoneyguideIndicator minorCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
306Greater HoneyguideIndicator indicatorCNP,LS,OKD,TH

 
Woodpeckers: Picidae

307Cardinal WoodpeckerDendropicos fuscescensCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
308{Olive Woodpecker}Dendropicos griseocephalus 
309Bearded WoodpeckerChloropicus namaquusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
310Bennett's WoodpeckerCampethera bennettiiCNP,LS,MP,OKD
311Golden-tailed WoodpeckerCampethera abingoniCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Falcons and Caracaras: Falconidae

312/Lesser Kestrel/Falco naumanniCNP,MP,OKD
313Greater KestrelFalco rupicoloidesCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
314Dickinson's KestrelFalco dickinsoniCNP,LS,MP,OKD
315Red-necked FalconFalco chicqueraCNP,LS,MP,OKD
316/Red-footed Falcon/Falco vespertinusCNP,LS,MP,OKD
317Amur FalconFalco amurensisCNP,LS,MP,OKD
318[Sooty Falcon]Falco concolor 
319/Eurasian Hobby/Falco subbuteoCNP,LS,MP,OKD
320African HobbyFalco cuvieriiCNP,OKD
321Lanner FalconFalco biarmicusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
322Peregrine FalconFalco peregrinusCNP,LS,MP,OKD

 
Parrots: Psittaculidae

323[Rosy-faced Lovebird]Agapornis roseicollis 

 
Parrots: Psittacidae

324{Brown-necked Parrot}Poicephalus fuscicollisCNP
325Meyer's ParrotPoicephalus meyeriCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
African and Green Broadbill: Calyptomenidae

326[African Broadbill]Smithornis capensisOKD

 
Pittas: Pittidae

327[African Pitta]Pitta angolensis 

 
Cuckooshrikes: Campephagidae

328(White-breasted Cuckooshrike)Ceblepyris pectoralisCNP,LS,OKD
329(Black Cuckooshrike)Campephaga flavaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Old World Orioles: Oriolidae

330/Eurasian Golden Oriole/Oriolus oriolusCNP,MP,OKD,TH
331#African Golden Oriole#Oriolus auratusCNP,LS,MP,OKD
332African Black-headed OrioleOriolus larvatusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Wattle-eyes and Batises: Platysteiridae

333[Cape Batis]Batis capensis 
334Chinspot BatisBatis molitorCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
335Pririt BatisBatis priritMP,OKD

 
Vangas, Helmetshrikes and Allies: Vangidae

336White-crested HelmetshrikePrionops plumatusCNP,LS,OKD,TH
337Retz's HelmetshrikePrionops retziiCNP,LS,OKD

 
Bushshrikes: Malaconotidae

338BrubruNilaus aferCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
339Black-backed PuffbackDryoscopus cublaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
340Black-crowned TchagraTchagra senegalusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
341Brown-crowned TchagraTchagra australisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
342Tropical BoubouLaniarius majorCNP,TH
343Gabon BoubouLaniarius bicolorCNP,LS,MP,OKD
344Crimson-breasted GonolekLaniarius atrococcineusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
345Sulphur-breasted BushshrikeChlorophoneus sulfureopectusCNP,LS,OKD,TH
346Gray-headed BushshrikeMalaconotus blanchotiCNP,LS,OKD,TH

 
Drongos: Dicruridae

347Fork-tailed DrongoDicrurus adsimilisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Monarch Flycatchers: Monarchidae

348(African Paradise-Flycatcher)Terpsiphone viridisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Shrikes: Laniidae

349Magpie ShrikeUrolestes melanoleucaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
350/Red-backed Shrike/Lanius collurioCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
351/Lesser Gray Shrike/Lanius minorCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
352Southern FiscalLanius collarisMP,OKD,TH
353[Souza's Shrike]Lanius souzaeCNP
354White-crowned ShrikeEurocephalus anguitimensCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Crows, Jays, and Magpies: Corvidae

355Cape CrowCorvus capensisMP,TH
356Pied CrowCorvus albusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
357{White-necked Raven}Corvus albicollis 

 
Tits, Chickadees, and Titmice: Paridae

358Southern Black-TitMelaniparus nigerCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
359[Rufous-bellied Tit]Melaniparus rufiventris 
360Ashy TitMelaniparus cinerascensMP,OKD

 
Penduline-Tits: Remizidae

361African Penduline-TitAnthoscopus caroliCNP,MP,OKD,TH
362Southern Penduline-TitAnthoscopus minutusCNP,MP,OKD

 
Larks: Alaudidae

363Spike-heeled LarkChersomanes albofasciataMP
364/Dusky Lark/Pinarocorys nigricansCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
365{Black-eared Sparrow-Lark}Eremopterix australis 
366Chestnut-backed Sparrow-LarkEremopterix leucotisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
367Gray-backed Sparrow-LarkEremopterix verticalisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
368Sabota LarkCalendulauda sabotaCNP,MP,OKD,TH
369Fawn-colored LarkCalendulauda africanoidesCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
370Monotonous LarkMirafra passerinaMP,OKD,TH
371Flappet LarkAmirafra rufocinnamomeaCNP,LS,MP,OKD
372Eastern Clapper LarkCorypha fasciolataMP,OKD
373Rufous-naped LarkCorypha africanaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
374Pink-billed LarkSpizocorys conirostrisMP,OKD
375Red-capped LarkCalandrella cinereaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
African Warblers: Macrosphenidae

376Long-billed CrombecSylvietta rufescensCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Cisticolas and Allies: Cisticolidae

377Yellow-bellied EremomelaEremomela icteropygialisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
378Green-capped EremomelaEremomela scotopsCNP,OKD
379Burnt-neck EremomelaEremomela usticollisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
380Stierling's Wren-WarblerCalamonastes stierlingiCNP,LS,MP,OKD
381Barred Wren-WarblerCalamonastes fasciolatusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
382Green-backed CamaropteraCamaroptera brachyuraCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
383Bar-throated ApalisApalis thoracicaTH
384Yellow-breasted ApalisApalis flavidaCNP,LS,OKD,TH
385Tawny-flanked PriniaPrinia subflavaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
386Black-chested PriniaPrinia flavicansCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
387Rufous-eared WarblerMalcorus pectoralisMP
388Red-faced CisticolaCisticola erythropsCNP
389Rock-loving CisticolaCisticola aberrans 
390Rattling CisticolaCisticola chinianaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
391Tinkling CisticolaCisticola rufilatusCNP,MP,OKD
392Luapula CisticolaCisticola luapulaCNP,LS,OKD
393Chirping CisticolaCisticola pipiensLS,OKD
394{Croaking Cisticola}Cisticola natalensisCNP
395Piping CisticolaCisticola fulvicapillaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
396Zitting CisticolaCisticola juncidisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
397Desert CisticolaCisticola aridulusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
398{Pale-crowned Cisticola}Cisticola cinnamomeusOKD

 
Reed Warblers and Allies: Acrocephalidae

399/Olive-tree Warbler/Hippolais olivetorumOKD,TH
400/Icterine Warbler/Hippolais icterinaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
401/Sedge Warbler/Acrocephalus schoenobaenusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
402/Marsh Warbler/Acrocephalus palustrisCNP,OKD
403/Common Reed Warbler/Acrocephalus scirpaceusCNP,LS,MP,OKD
404Lesser Swamp WarblerAcrocephalus gracilirostrisCNP,MP,OKD
405Greater Swamp WarblerAcrocephalus rufescensCNP,LS,OKD
406/Great Reed Warbler/Acrocephalus arundinaceusCNP,LS,MP,OKD

 
Grassbirds and Allies: Locustellidae

407{River Warbler}Locustella fluviatilisMP,OKD
408Little Rush WarblerBradypterus baboecalaLS,MP,OKD

 
Swallows: Hirundinidae

409{Black Sawwing}Psalidoprocne pristoptera 
410/Gray-rumped Swallow/Pseudhirundo griseopygaCNP,LS,MP,OKD
411(Banded Martin)Neophedina cinctaCNP,LS,MP,OKD
412Plain MartinRiparia paludicolaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
413/Bank Swallow/Riparia ripariaCNP,MP,OKD
414Southern Crag-MartinPtyonoprogne fuligulaCNP,MP,OKD,TH
415Pearl-breasted SwallowHirundo dimidiataCNP,MP,OKD
416/Barn Swallow/Hirundo rusticaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
417{Angola Swallow}Hirundo angolensisLS
418(White-throated Swallow)Hirundo albigularisCNP,MP,OKD,TH
419Wire-tailed SwallowHirundo smithiiCNP,LS,OKD
420/Western House-Martin/Delichon urbicumCNP,MP,OKD,TH
421(Greater Striped Swallow)Cecropis cucullataCNP,MP,OKD
422Lesser Striped SwallowCecropis abyssinicaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
423(Rufous-chested Swallow)Cecropis semirufaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
424/Mosque Swallow/Cecropis senegalensisCNP,LS,OKD
425|South African Swallow|Petrochelidon spiloderaMP,OKD

 
Bulbuls: Pycnonotidae

426Yellow-bellied GreenbulChlorocichla flaviventrisCNP,LS,OKD,TH
427Terrestrial BrownbulPhyllastrephus terrestrisCNP,LS,OKD
428Common BulbulPycnonotus barbatusCNP,LS,OKD,TH
429Black-fronted BulbulPycnonotus nigricansCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Leaf Warblers: Phylloscopidae

430/Willow Warbler/Phylloscopus trochilusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Sylviid Warblers and Allies: Sylviidae

431/Garden Warbler/Sylvia borinMP,OKD
432Chestnut-vented WarblerCurruca subcaeruleaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
433/Greater Whitethroat/Curruca communisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
White-eyes, Yuhinas, and Allies: Zosteropidae

434Cape White-eyeZosterops virensTH
435Southern Yellow White-eyeZosterops anderssoniCNP,LS,OKD,TH

 
Laughingthrushes and Allies: Leiothrichidae

436Arrow-marked BabblerTurdoides jardineiiCNP,LS,OKD,TH
437Bare-cheeked BabblerTurdoides gymnogenysCNP
438Southern Pied-BabblerTurdoides bicolorCNP,MP,OKD,TH
439Hartlaub's BabblerTurdoides hartlaubiiCNP,LS,OKD
440Black-faced BabblerTurdoides melanopsOKD

 
Spotted Creepers: Salpornithidae

441{African Spotted Creeper}Salpornis salvadori 

 
Oxpeckers: Buphagidae

442Red-billed OxpeckerBuphagus erythrorynchaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
443Yellow-billed OxpeckerBuphagus africanusCNP,LS,MP,OKD

 
Starlings: Sturnidae

444{European Starling}Sturnus vulgaris 
445(Wattled Starling)Creatophora cinereaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
446Common MynaAcridotheres tristis 
447(Violet-backed Starling)Cinnyricinclus leucogasterCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
448{Pale-winged Starling}Onychognathus nabouroup 
449Red-winged StarlingOnychognathus morioTH
450Burchell's StarlingLamprotornis australisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
451Meves's StarlingLamprotornis mevesiiCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
452{Lesser Blue-eared Starling}Lamprotornis chloropterusCNP
453{Sharp-tailed Starling}Lamprotornis acuticaudusLS,OKD
454Greater Blue-eared StarlingLamprotornis chalybaeusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
455Cape StarlingLamprotornis nitensCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Thrushes and Allies: Turdidae

456Groundscraper ThrushTurdus litsitsirupaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
457Kurrichane ThrushTurdus libonyanaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Old World Flycatchers: Muscicapidae

458/Spotted Flycatcher/Muscicapa striataCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
459Marico FlycatcherBradornis mariquensisCNP,MP,OKD,TH
460Pale FlycatcherAgricola pallidusCNP,OKD
461Chat FlycatcherAgricola infuscatusMP,OKD
462Gray Tit-FlycatcherFraseria plumbeusCNP,LS,OKD,TH
463Ashy FlycatcherFraseria caerulescensCNP,LS,OKD,TH
464|Fiscal Flycatcher|Sigelus silensMP,TH
465Southern Black-FlycatcherMelaenornis pammelainaCNP,LS,OKD
466Karoo Scrub-RobinTychaedon coryphoeus 
467Bearded Scrub-RobinTychaedon quadrivirgataCNP,OKD
468Kalahari Scrub-RobinCercotrichas paenaCNP,MP,OKD,TH
469White-browed Scrub RobinCercotrichas leucophrysCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
470{Cape Robin-Chat}Dessonornis caffra 
471(White-throated Robin-Chat)Dessonornis humeralisLS,TH
472(White-browed Robin-Chat)Cossypha heugliniCNP,LS,OKD
473{Red-capped Robin-Chat}Cossypha natalensis 
474Collared Palm-ThrushCichladusa arquataCNP,LS,MP,OKD
475/Thrush Nightingale/Luscinia lusciniaCNP,OKD
476Short-toed Rock-ThrushMonticola brevipes 
477Miombo Rock-ThrushMonticola angolensisCNP
478{Whinchat}Saxicola rubetraOKD
479African StonechatSaxicola torquatusCNP,LS,OKD,TH
480|Sicklewing Chat|Emarginata sinuata 
481Mocking Cliff-ChatThamnolaea cinnamomeiventrisTH
482Southern Anteater-ChatMyrmecocichla formicivoraMP,OKD,TH
483{Mountain Chat}Myrmecocichla monticola 
484Arnot's ChatMyrmecocichla arnottiCNP,LS,OKD
485{Northern Wheatear}Oenanthe oenanthe 
486(Capped Wheatear)Oenanthe pileataCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
487Familiar ChatOenanthe familiarisCNP,MP,OKD,TH

 
Sunbirds and Spiderhunters: Nectariniidae

488Collared SunbirdHedydipna collarisCNP,OKD
489Amethyst SunbirdChalcomitra amethystinaCNP,LS,OKD
490Scarlet-chested SunbirdChalcomitra senegalensisCNP,LS,OKD
491Marico SunbirdCinnyris mariquensisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
492Purple-banded SunbirdCinnyris bifasciatusOKD
493White-bellied SunbirdCinnyris talatalaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
494{Copper Sunbird}Cinnyris cupreusLS

 
Weavers and Allies: Ploceidae

495Red-billed Buffalo-WeaverBubalornis nigerCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
496Scaly WeaverSporopipes squamifronsCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
497White-browed Sparrow-WeaverPlocepasser mahaliCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
498Red-headed WeaverAnaplectes rubricepsCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
499Spectacled WeaverPloceus ocularisCNP,OKD
500Holub's Golden-WeaverPloceus xanthopsCNP,LS,OKD
501Southern Brown-throated WeaverPloceus xanthopterusCNP,LS,OKD
502Lesser Masked-WeaverPloceus intermediusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
503Southern Masked-WeaverPloceus velatusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
504Village WeaverPloceus cucullatusCNP,LS,OKD,TH
505(Chestnut Weaver)Ploceus rubiginosusOKD
506{Red-headed Quelea}Quelea erythropsCNP,LS
507(Red-billed Quelea)Quelea queleaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
508Southern Red BishopEuplectes orixCNP,LS,MP,OKD
509Yellow-crowned BishopEuplectes aferCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
510White-winged WidowbirdEuplectes albonotatusLS
511{Red-collared Widowbird}Euplectes ardens 
512Fan-tailed WidowbirdEuplectes axillarisCNP,LS,OKD
513Grosbeak WeaverAmblyospiza albifronsCNP,LS,OKD

 
Waxbills and Allies: Estrildidae

514Bronze MannikinSpermestes cucullataCNP,TH
515{Magpie Mannikin}Spermestes fringilloides 
516Zebra WaxbillAmandava subflavaCNP,LS,OKD
517Black-faced WaxbillBrunhilda erythronotosCNP,MP,OKD,TH
518Common WaxbillEstrilda astrildLS,MP,OKD,TH
519QuailfinchOrtygospiza atricollisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
520{Locustfinch}Paludipasser locustella 
521Cut-throatAmadina fasciataCNP,MP,OKD,TH
522Red-headed FinchAmadina erythrocephalaCNP,MP,OKD,TH
523Violet-eared WaxbillGranatina granatinaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
524Southern CordonbleuUraeginthus angolensisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
525Green-winged PytiliaPytilia melbaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
526Orange-winged PytiliaPytilia afraCNP
527Red-billed FirefinchLagonosticta senegalaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
528Jameson's FirefinchLagonosticta rhodopareiaCNP,LS,OKD,TH
529Brown FirefinchLagonosticta nitidulaCNP,LS,OKD

 
Indigobirds: Viduidae

530Pin-tailed WhydahVidua macrouraCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
531Broad-tailed Paradise-WhydahVidua obtusaCNP
532Eastern Paradise-WhydahVidua paradisaeaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
533Shaft-tailed WhydahVidua regiaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
534Village IndigobirdVidua chalybeataCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
535Purple IndigobirdVidua purpurascensCNP,OKD,TH

 
Old World Sparrows: Passeridae

536House SparrowPasser domesticusMP,OKD,TH
537Great Rufous SparrowPasser motitensisMP,OKD,TH
538Cape SparrowPasser melanurusMP,TH
539{Northern Gray-headed Sparrow}Passer griseusCNP
540Southern Gray-headed SparrowPasser diffususCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
541Yellow-throated Bush SparrowGymnornis superciliarisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 
Wagtails and Pipits: Motacillidae

542Cape WagtailMotacilla capensisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
543{Mountain Wagtail}Motacilla clara 
544{Gray Wagtail}Motacilla cinereaMP
545/Western Yellow Wagtail/Motacilla flavaCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
546African Pied WagtailMotacilla aguimpCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
547African PipitAnthus cinnamomeusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
548\Mountain Pipit\Anthus hoeschiMP,OKD
549{Woodland Pipit}Anthus nyassaeCNP,OKD
550Nicholson's PipitAnthus nicholsoniCNP
551Plain-backed PipitAnthus leucophrysCNP,LS,MP,OKD
552(Buffy Pipit)Anthus vaalensisCNP,LS,MP,OKD
553Striped PipitAnthus lineiventris 
554/Tree Pipit/Anthus trivialisCNP,OKD
555&Bush PipitlAnthus cafferTH
556Rosy-throated LongclawMacronyx ameliaeCNP,LS,OKD

 
Finches, Euphonias, and Allies: Fringillidae

557Yellow-fronted CanaryCrithagra mozambicusCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
558Black-throated CanaryCrithagra atrogularisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
559Yellow CanaryCrithagra flaviventrisCNP,MP,OKD
560{Black-eared Seedeater}Crithagra mennelli 
561Streaky-headed SeedeaterCrithagra gularisCNP,TH
562{Black-headed Canary}Serinus alario 

 
Old World Buntings: Emberizidae

563Lark-like BuntingEmberiza impetuaniLS,MP,OKD,TH
564Cinnamon-breasted BuntingEmberiza tahapisiCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH
565[Cape Bunting]Emberiza capensisTH
566Golden-breasted BuntingEmberiza flaviventrisCNP,LS,MP,OKD,TH

 

 *Nomenclature and taxonomic affinities are based on Clements 6th Edition published 2007 with updates through 2021 maintained by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, which relies largely on the AOU and SACC nomenclature committees. IUCN status may reflect splits not currently recognized by Clements.
**Species not accepted by Clements, AOU, or SACC that we recognize based on the IOC, field observations along with geographical separation, consensus opinions of field guide authors, and other sources. These species are potential splits in future Clements updates.

 # SPECIES BY LOCALE

Locale# Species
Bokaa Dam286
Central Kalahari Game Reserve249
Chobe National Park433
Gabarone Area0
Kgalakgadi Transfrontier Park182
Lake Ngami319
Linyanti Swamp364
Makgadikgadi Pans371
Manyelanong Game Reserve122
Okavango Delta462
Phakalane Sewage Lagoons252
SE Botswana IBA349
Tswapong Hills290
Total Species566

Number of species in each locale may be based on incomplete data. Also, some locales are important for specific target species rather than overall bird diversity. Hence, it does not provide an indication of which locales are the best birding sites.