ECUADOR BIRDING TRIP REPORT
TRIP REPORT
ECUADOR
| Start: | 12/02/2007 |
| End: | 12/18/2007 |
| Duration: | 17 days |
| #Species: | 561 |
| #Endemics: | 36 |
| #Heard Only: | 29 |
2007 Northern Ecuador Birding Tour
CHECKLIST OF BIRDS SEEN ON TOUR
List of bird species seen or heard during the tour. The table indicates whether each species is globally threatened or endangered according to the IUCN and also whether it is migratory, very rare, or accidental in the country.* See sidebar for meaning of location codes and symbols associated with common names.
h = heard only; g = seen by guide only
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| 1 | Great Tinamou | Tinamus major | NWC | |
| 2 | Cinereous Tinamou | Crypturellus cinereus | NWCh | |
| 3 | Little Tinamou | Crypturellus soui | HMLh | |
| 4 | Undulated Tinamou | Crypturellus undulatus | NWCh | |
| 5 | Variegated Tinamou | Crypturellus variegatus | NWCh | |
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| 6 | Torrent Duck | Merganetta armata | AN,BRR,MV,SI | |
| 7 | Yellow-billed Teal | Anas flavirostris | AN | |
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| 8 | Speckled Chachalaca | Ortalis guttata | EPRh,NWC | |
| 9 | Spix's Guan | Penelope jacquacu | NWC | |
| 10 | Blue-throated Piping-Guan | Pipile cumanensis | NWC | |
| 11 | Wattled Guan | Aburria aburri | BRR,SPMh | |
| 12 | Sickle-winged Guan | Chamaepetes goudotii | BRR | |
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| 13 | Dark-backed Wood-Quail | Odontophorus melanonotus | FAP | |
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| 14 | Silvery Grebe | Podiceps occipitalis | AN | |
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| 15 | Rock Pigeon | Columba livia | Many | |
| 16 | Pale-vented Pigeon | Patagioenas cayennensis | NWC | |
| 17 | Band-tailed Pigeon | Patagioenas fasciata | MV,NWC | |
| 18 | Plumbeous Pigeon | Patagioenas plumbea | NWC | |
| 19 | Ruddy Ground Dove | Columbina talpacoti | HML,PP | |
| 20 | Black-winged Ground Dove | Metriopelia melanoptera | AN | |
| 21 | Gray-fronted Dove | Leptotila rufaxilla | NWC | |
| 22 | Pallid Dove | Leptotila pallida | RS | |
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| 23 | Greater Ani | Crotophaga major | NWC | |
| 24 | Smooth-billed Ani | Crotophaga ani | Many | |
| 25 | Striped Cuckoo | Tapera naevia | RS | |
| 26 | Little Cuckoo | Coccycua minuta | MV | |
| 27 | Squirrel Cuckoo | Piaya cayana | BCFR,MJ,MV,NWC,RS | |
| 28 | |Black-bellied Cuckoo| | Piaya melanogaster | EPR | |
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| 29 | Short-tailed Nighthawk | Lurocalis semitorquatus | MV,SPM | |
| 30 | Rufous-bellied Nighthawk | Lurocalis rufiventris | SI | |
| 31 | Blackish Nightjar | Nyctipolus nigrescens | NWC | |
| 32 | Common Pauraque | Nyctidromus albicollis | ARh,HMLh,NWC | |
| 33 | Lyre-tailed Nightjar | Uropsalis lyra | MV | |
| 34 | Ladder-tailed Nightjar | Hydropsalis climacocerca | NWC | |
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| 35 | Great Potoo | Nyctibius grandis | NWC | |
| 36 | Common Potoo | Nyctibius griseus | NWCh | |
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| 37 | Chestnut-collared Swift | Streptoprocne rutila | MBS,SI | |
| 38 | White-collared Swift | Streptoprocne zonaris | Many | |
| 39 | Gray-rumped Swift | Chaetura cinereiventris | AR,EPR,NWC,RS | |
| 40 | Short-tailed Swift | Chaetura brachyura | NWC,PP | |
| 41 | Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift | Panyptila cayennensis | RS | |
| 42 | Fork tailed Palm-Swift | Tachornis squamata | NWC | |
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| 43 | White-necked Jacobin | Florisuga mellivora | MV,SPM | |
| 44 | White-bearded Hermit | Phaethornis hispidus | HML | |
| 45 | White-whiskered Hermit | Phaethornis yaruqui | MRB,MV,SPM | |
| 46 | Tawny-bellied Hermit | Phaethornis syrmatophorus | BCFR,SI | |
| 47 | Black-throated Hermit | Phaethornis atrimentalis | HML,NWC | |
| 48 | Geoffroy's Daggerbill | Schistes geoffroyi | MJ | |
| 49 | <Brown Violetear> | Colibri delphinae | BCFR | |
| 50 | Lesser Violetear | Colibri cyanotus | BCFR,GLR,SI | |
| 51 | Sparkling Violetear | Colibri coruscans | AN,SI | |
| 52 | Tooth-billed Hummingbird | Androdon aequatorialis | GR | |
| 53 | Gorgeted Sunangel | Heliangelus strophianus | BCFR | |
| 54 | Tourmaline Sunangel | Heliangelus exortis | GLR | |
| 55 | Green Thorntail | Discosura conversii | MRB | |
| 56 | Speckled Hummingbird | Adelomyia melanogenys | BCFR,FAP,GLR,SI | |
| 57 | Long-tailed Sylph | Aglaiocercus kingii | GLR,GR,SI | |
| 58 | Violet-tailed Sylph | Aglaiocercus coelestis | BCFR,FAP,MV,SPM | |
| 59 | Ecuadorian Hillstar | Oreotrochilus chimborazo | AN,PP | |
| 60 | Mountain Avocetbill | Opisthoprora euryptera | GLR | |
| 61 | Black-tailed Trainbearer | Lesbia victoriae | AN,NMR,QTO | |
| 62 | Blue-mantled Thornbill | Chalcostigma stanleyi | AR,PP,QTO | |
| 63 | Tyrian Metaltail | Metallura tyrianthina | GLR,YR | |
| 64 | Glowing Puffleg | Eriocnemis vestita | GLR | |
| 65 | Sapphire-vented Puffleg | Eriocnemis luciani | YR | |
| 66 | Shining Sunbeam | Aglaeactis cupripennis | PP,PPWP | |
| 67 | Bronzy Inca | Coeligena coeligena | SI | |
| 68 | Brown Inca | Coeligena wilsoni | FAP,MJ,MV,SPM | |
| 69 | Collared Inca | Coeligena torquata | BCFR,GLR,GR,SI | |
| 70 | Buff-winged Starfrontlet | Coeligena lutetiae | GLR,PPWP,YR | |
| 71 | Sword-billed Hummingbird | Ensifera ensifera | GLR,YR | |
| 72 | Great Sapphirewing | Pterophanes cyanopterus | YR | |
| 73 | Buff-tailed Coronet | Boissonneaua flavescens | BCFR,FAP,GLR | |
| 74 | Chestnut-breasted Coronet | Boissonneaua matthewsii | GLR,SI | |
| 75 | Velvet-purple Coronet | Boissonneaua jardini | FAP | |
| 76 | White-booted Racket-tail | Ocreatus underwoodii | BCFR,FAP,GLR,MV SPM | |
| 77 | Purple-bibbed Whitetip | Urosticte benjamini | FAP,MV,SPM | |
| 78 | Fawn-breasted Brilliant | Heliodoxa rubinoides | BCFR,FAP,MV,SI,SPM | |
| 79 | Green-crowned Brilliant | Heliodoxa jacula | MRB,MV,SPM | |
| 80 | Empress Brilliant | Heliodoxa imperatrix | FAP,MV,SPM | |
| 81 | Giant Hummingbird | Patagona gigas | AN | |
| 82 | Long-billed Starthroat | Heliomaster longirostris | AR,EPR | |
| 83 | White-bellied Woodstar | Chaetocercus mulsant | GLR | |
| 84 | Gorgeted Woodstar | Chaetocercus heliodor | GLR | |
| 85 | Purple-throated Woodstar | Philodice mitchellii | FAP,MV,SPM | |
| 86 | Blue-tailed Emerald | Chlorostilbon mellisugus | NWC | |
| 87 | Gray-breasted Sabrewing | Campylopterus largipennis | EPR,NWC | |
| 88 | Crowned Woodnymph | Thalurania colombica | MBS,MRB,MV,SPM | |
| 89 | Fork-tailed Woodnymph | Thalurania furcata | AR,HML | |
| 90 | Rufous-tailed Hummingbird | Amazilia tzacatl | BCFR,FAP,MRB,MV SPM | |
| 91 | Andean Emerald | Uranomitra franciae | FAP,MRB,MV,SPM | |
| 92 | Glittering-throated Emerald | Chionomesa fimbriata | AR,HML | |
| 93 | Purple-chested Hummingbird | Polyerata rosenbergi | RS | |
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| 94 | Hoatzin | Opisthocomus hoazin | NWC | |
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| 95 | Slate-colored Coot | Fulica ardesiaca | AN | |
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| 96 | Sungrebe | Heliornis fulica | NWC | |
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| 97 | Limpkin | Aramus guarauna | NWC | |
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| 98 | Pied Plover | Hoploxypterus cayanus | NWC | |
| 99 | Andean Lapwing | Vanellus resplendens | AN | |
| 100 | Collared Plover | Anarhynchus collaris | NWC | |
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| 101 | Rufous-bellied Seedsnipe | Attagis gayi | PP | |
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| 102 | /Spotted Sandpiper/ | Actitis macularius | BRR,GR,NWC,PP | |
| 103 | /Solitary Sandpiper/ | Tringa solitaria | PP | |
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| 104 | Andean Gull | Chroicocephalus serranus | AN,PP | |
| 105 | Yellow-billed Tern | Sternula superciliaris | NWC | |
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| 106 | Sunbittern | Eurypyga helias | MV,NWC | |
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| 107 | Anhinga | Anhinga anhinga | NWC | |
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| 108 | Neotropic Cormorant | Nannopterum brasilianus | NWC | |
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| 109 | Rufescent Tiger-Heron | Tigrisoma lineatum | NWC | |
| 110 | Boat-billed Heron | Cochlearius cochlearius | NWC | |
| 111 | Zigzag Heron | Zebrilus undulatus | NWC | |
| 112 | Least Bittern | Ixobrychus exilis | NWC | |
| 113 | Snowy Egret | Egretta thula | NWC | |
| 114 | Striated Heron | Butorides striata | NWC | |
| 115 | Western Cattle Egret | Bubulcus ibis | MJ,MV,NWC,RS,SPM | |
| 116 | Great Egret | Ardea alba | NWC | |
| 117 | Cocoi Heron | Ardea cocoi | NWC | |
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| 118 | Green Ibis | Mesembrinibis cayennensis | NWC | |
| 119 | Andean Ibis | Theristicus branickii | AN | |
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| 120 | Black Vulture | Coragyps atratus | Many | |
| 121 | Turkey Vulture | Cathartes aura | AR,NWC,RS | |
| 122 | Greater Yellow-headed Vulture | Cathartes melambrotus | NWC | |
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| 123 | Hook-billed Kite | Chondrohierax uncinatus | FAP | |
| 124 | Gray-headed Kite | Leptodon cayanensis | NWC | |
| 125 | Swallow-tailed Kite | Elanoides forficatus | MRB,NMR,NWC,RS | |
| 126 | Black Hawk-Eagle | Spizaetus tyrannus | NWC,RS | |
| 127 | Tiny Hawk | Microspizias superciliosus | RS | |
| 128 | Slender-billed Kite | Helicolestes hamatus | NWC | |
| 129 | Double-toothed Kite | Harpagus bidentatus | RS | |
| 130 | Plumbeous Kite | Ictinia plumbea | RS | |
| 131 | Cinereous Harrier | Circus cinereus | AN | |
| 132 | Roadside Hawk | Rupornis magnirostris | Many | |
| 133 | Variable Hawk | Geranoaetus polyosoma | AN,YR | |
| 134 | Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle | Geranoaetus melanoleucus | AN | |
| 135 | Gray-lined Hawk | Buteo nitidus | RS | |
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| 136 | Tropical Screech-Owl | Megascops choliba | NWCh | |
| 137 | Rufescent Screech-Owl | Megascops ingens | SPMh | |
| 138 | Tawny-bellied Screech-Owl | Megascops watsonii | NWCh | |
| 139 | Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl | Glaucidium brasilianum | NWC | |
| 140 | "San Isidro" Owl** | Ciccaba ?? | SI | |
| 141 | Mottled Owl | Strix virgata | FAPh,RS | |
| 142 | Black-and-white Owl | Strix nigrolineata | FAP | |
| 143 | Rufous-banded Owl | Strix albitarsis | SIh | |
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| 144 | Golden-headed Quetzal | Pharomachrus auriceps | FAP | |
| 145 | Crested Quetzal | Pharomachrus antisianus | SI | |
| 146 | Black-tailed Trogon | Trogon melanurus | EPRh,NWC | |
| 147 | White-tailed Trogon | Trogon chionurus | RS | |
| 148 | Green-backed Trogon | Trogon viridis | NWC | |
| 149 | Masked Trogon | Trogon personatus | BCFR,MJ,SI | |
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| 150 | Whooping Motmot | Momotus subrufescens | NWCh | |
| 151 | Andean Motmot | Momotus aequatorialis | BRR,SI | |
| 152 | Rufous Motmot | Baryphthengus martii | MV,SPMh | |
| 153 | Broad-billed Motmot | Electron platyrhynchum | MVh,RS | |
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| 154 | Ringed Kingfisher | Megaceryle torquata | NWC | |
| 155 | Amazon Kingfisher | Chloroceryle amazona | AR,HML,NWC | |
| 156 | American Pygmy Kingfisher | Chloroceryle aenea | NWC | |
| 157 | Green Kingfisher | Chloroceryle americana | NWC | |
| 158 | Green-and-rufous Kingfisher | Chloroceryle inda | NWC | |
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| 159 | White-necked Puffbird | Notharchus hyperrhynchus | NWC | |
| 160 | Collared Puffbird | Bucco capensis | NWCh | |
| 161 | White-whiskered Puffbird | Malacoptila panamensis | RS | |
| 162 | Brown Nunlet | Nonnula brunnea | NWC | |
| 163 | Black-fronted Nunbird | Monasa nigrifrons | NWC | |
| 164 | White-fronted Nunbird | Monasa morphoeus | EPR,NWC | |
| 165 | Yellow-billed Nunbird | Monasa flavirostris | EPR | |
| 166 | Swallow-winged Puffbird | Chelidoptera tenebrosa | NWC | |
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| 167 | White-eared Jacamar | Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis | NWC | |
| 168 | Rufous-tailed Jacamar | Galbula ruficauda | RS | |
| 169 | White-chinned Jacamar | Galbula tombacea | NWC | |
| 170 | Great Jacamar | Jacamerops aureus | NWC | |
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| 171 | Scarlet-crowned Barbet | Capito aurovirens | NWC | |
| 172 | Gilded Barbet | Capito auratus | NWC | |
| 173 | Lemon-throated Barbet | Eubucco richardsoni | EPR,HML | |
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| 174 | Toucan Barbet | Semnornis ramphastinus | BCFR,FAP,MJ | |
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| 175 | Southern Emerald-Toucanet | Aulacorhynchus albivitta | BRR | |
| 176 | Crimson-rumped Toucanet | Aulacorhynchus haematopygus | BCFR,FAP,MJ | |
| 177 | Plate-billed Mountain-Toucan | Andigena laminirostris | BCFR | |
| 178 | Lettered Aracari | Pteroglossus inscriptus | AR,NWC | |
| 179 | Collared Aracari | Pteroglossus torquatus | RS | |
| 180 | Chestnut-eared Aracari | Pteroglossus castanotis | EPR | |
| 181 | Many-banded Aracari | Pteroglossus pluricinctus | NWC | |
| 182 | Ivory-billed Aracari | Pteroglossus azara | NWC | |
| 183 | Golden-collared Toucanet | Selenidera reinwardtii | NWC | |
| 184 | White-throated Toucan | Ramphastos tucanus | NWC | |
| 185 | Choco Toucan | Ramphastos brevis | MV,RS | |
| 186 | Channel-billed Toucan | Ramphastos vitellinus | NWC | |
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| 187 | Lafresnaye's Piculet | Picumnus lafresnayi | BRR | |
| 188 | Yellow-tufted Woodpecker | Melanerpes cruentatus | AR,NWC | |
| 189 | Black-cheeked Woodpecker | Melanerpes pucherani | RS | |
| 190 | Little Woodpecker | Dryobates passerinus | EPR | |
| 191 | Scarlet-backed Woodpecker | Dryobates callonotus | RSh | |
| 192 | Yellow-vented Woodpecker | Dryobates dignus | SI | |
| 193 | Red-stained Woodpecker | Dryobates affinis | NWCh | |
| 194 | Powerful Woodpecker | Campephilus pollens | BRR | |
| 195 | Crimson-crested Woodpecker | Campephilus melanoleucos | NWC | |
| 196 | Guayaquil Woodpecker | Campephilus gayaquilensis | RS | |
| 197 | Lineated Woodpecker | Dryocopus lineatus | NWC,RS | |
| 198 | Cinnamon Woodpecker | Celeus loricatus | RSh | |
| 199 | Waved Woodpecker | Celeus undatus | NWC | |
| 200 | Cream-colored Woodpecker | Celeus flavus | NWC | |
| 201 | Chestnut Woodpecker | Celeus elegans | NWC | |
| 202 | Golden-olive Woodpecker | Colaptes rubiginosus | MJ | |
| 203 | Crimson-mantled Woodpecker | Colaptes rivolii | BCFR,SI | |
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| 204 | Laughing Falcon | Herpetotheres cachinnans | NWCh | |
| 205 | Barred Forest-Falcon | Micrastur ruficollis | FAPh | |
| 206 | Red-throated Caracara | Ibycter americanus | NWCh | |
| 207 | Yellow-headed Caracara | Daptrius chimachima | NWC | |
| 208 | Carunculated Caracara | Daptrius carunculatus | AN | |
| 209 | American Kestrel | Falco sparverius | AN,QTO | |
| 210 | Bat Falcon | Falco rufigularis | NWC | |
| 211 | Orange-breasted Falcon | Falco deiroleucus | NWC | |
| 212 | /Peregrine Falcon/ | Falco peregrinus | AN,NWC | |
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| 213 | Cobalt-winged Parakeet | Brotogeris cyanoptera | EPR,NWC | |
| 214 | Rose-faced Parrot | Pyrilia pulchra | RS | |
| 215 | Red-billed Parrot | Pionus sordidus | MV | |
| 216 | Speckle-faced Parrot | Pionus tumultuosus | GR,SI | |
| 217 | Blue-headed Parrot | Pionus menstruus | AR,EPR,HML,NWC | |
| 218 | Bronze-winged Parrot | Pionus chalcopterus | MV,RS | |
| 219 | Yellow-crowned Parrot | Amazona ochrocephala | NWC | |
| 220 | Mealy Parrot | Amazona farinosa | NR | |
| 221 | Cobalt-rumped Parrotlet | Forpus xanthopterygius | HML | |
| 222 | Pacific Parrotlet | Forpus coelestis | RS | |
| 223 | Black-headed Parrot | Pionites melanocephalus | NWC | |
| 224 | Maroon-tailed Parakeet | Pyrrhura melanura | NWC,RS | |
| 225 | Dusky-headed Parakeet | Aratinga weddellii | NWC | |
| 226 | Red-bellied Macaw | Orthopsittaca manilatus | NWC | |
| 227 | Blue-and-yellow Macaw | Ara ararauna | NWC | |
| 228 | Chestnut-fronted Macaw | Ara severus | NWC | |
| 229 | White-eyed Parakeet | Psittacara leucophthalmus | EPR | |
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| 230 | Great Antshrike | Taraba major | NWC | |
| 231 | Black-crowned Antshrike | Thamnophilus atrinucha | RS | |
| 232 | Plain-winged Antshrike | Thamnophilus schistaceus | EPRh,NWC | |
| 233 | Mouse-colored Antshrike | Thamnophilus murinus | EPRh,NWC | |
| 234 | Russet Antshrike | Thamnistes anabatinus | RS | |
| 235 | Dusky-throated Antshrike | Thamnomanes ardesiacus | NWC | |
| 236 | Cinereous Antshrike | Thamnomanes caesius | NWC | |
| 237 | Plain-throated Antwren | Isleria hauxwelli | NWC | |
| 238 | Checker-throated Stipplethroat | Epinecrophylla fulviventris | RS | |
| 239 | Pygmy Antwren | Myrmotherula brachyura | NWC | |
| 240 | White-flanked Antwren | Myrmotherula axillaris | NWC,RS | |
| 241 | Rio Suno Antwren | Myrmotherula sunensis | NWC | |
| 242 | Gray Antwren | Myrmotherula menetriesii | NWC | |
| 243 | Dot-winged Antwren | Microrhopias quixensis | RS | |
| 244 | Streak-headed Antbird | Drymophila striaticeps | SI | |
| 245 | Black Antbird | Cercomacroides serva | AR | |
| 246 | Black-faced Antbird | Myrmoborus myotherinus | EPR | |
| 247 | Silvered Antbird | Sclateria naevia | NWC | |
| 248 | Plumbeous Antbird | Myrmelastes hyperythra | NWC | |
| 249 | Spot-winged Antbird | Myrmelastes leucostigma | NWC | |
| 250 | Chestnut-backed Antbird | Poliocrania exsul | RSh | |
| 251 | Esmeraldas Antbird | Sipia nigricauda | MV | |
| 252 | White-shouldered Antbird | Akletos melanoceps | NWC | |
| 253 | Zeledon's Antbird | Hafferia zeledoni | MV | |
| 254 | Dot-backed Antbird | Hylophylax punctulatus | NWC | |
| 255 | Black-spotted Bare-eye | Phlegopsis nigromaculata | NWCh | |
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| 256 | Giant Antpitta | Grallaria gigantea | FAP | |
| 257 | Chestnut-crowned Antpitta | Grallaria ruficapilla | SI | |
| 258 | Yellow-breasted Antpitta | Grallaria flavotincta | FAP,SPMh | |
| 259 | White-bellied Antpitta | Grallaria hypoleuca | SI | |
| 260 | Tawny Antpitta | Grallaria quitensis | PP,PPWP,YR | |
| 261 | Ochre-breasted Antpitta | Grallaricula flavirostris | FAP | |
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| 262 | Ocellated Tapaculo | Acropternis orthonyx | BCFRh,NMRh | |
| 263 | Blackish Tapaculo | Scytalopus latrans | YR | |
| 264 | Nariño Tapaculo | Scytalopus vicinior | MV | |
| 265 | Spillmann's Tapaculo | Scytalopus spillmanni | NMR | |
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| 266 | Rufous-capped Antthrush | Formicarius colma | NWC | |
| 267 | Black-faced Antthrush | Formicarius analis | EPR,NWC | |
| 268 | Black-headed Antthrush | Formicarius nigricapillus | RSh | |
| 269 | Rufous-breasted Antthrush | Formicarius rufipectus | MVh | |
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| 270 | Spot-throated Woodcreeper | Certhiasomus stictolaemus | NWC | |
| 271 | Plain-brown Woodcreeper | Dendrocincla fuliginosa | NWC,RS | |
| 272 | Wedge-billed Woodcreeper | Glyphorynchus spirurus | NWC,RS | |
| 273 | Cinnamon-throated Woodcreeper | Dendrexetastes rufigula | NWC | |
| 274 | Long-billed Woodcreeper | Nasica longirostris | NWC | |
| 275 | Amazonian Barred-Woodcreeper | Dendrocolaptes certhia | NWC | |
| 276 | Strong-billed Woodcreeper | Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus | MJ | |
| 277 | Buff-throated Woodcreeper | Xiphorhynchus guttatus | EPR,NWC | |
| 278 | Spotted Woodcreeper | Xiphorhynchus erythropygius | MV | |
| 279 | Olive-backed Woodcreeper | Xiphorhynchus triangularis | SI | |
| 280 | Straight-billed Woodcreeper | Dendroplex picus | NWC | |
| 281 | Streak-headed Woodcreeper | Lepidocolaptes souleyetii | RS | |
| 282 | Montane Woodcreeper | Lepidocolaptes lacrymiger | BCFR,GR,SI | |
| 283 | Plain Xenops | Xenops minutus | RS | |
| 284 | Streaked Xenops | Xenops rutilans | HML | |
| 285 | Rufous-tailed Xenops | Microxenops milleri | NWC | |
| 286 | Streaked Tuftedcheek | Pseudocolaptes boissonneautii | GR,SI | |
| 287 | Rusty-winged Barbtail | Premnornis guttuliger | BCFR | |
| 288 | Pacific Hornero | Furnarius cinnamomeus | MV,RS | |
| 289 | Chestnut-winged Cinclodes | Cinclodes albidiventris | AN,PP | |
| 290 | Stout-billed Cinclodes | Cinclodes excelsior | AN | |
| 291 | Scaly-throated Foliage-gleaner | Anabacerthia variegaticeps | MBS | |
| 292 | Lineated Foliage-gleaner | Syndactyla subalaris | MJ | |
| 293 | Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner | Dendroma rufum | RS | |
| 294 | Streak-capped Treehunter | Thripadectes virgaticeps | FAP,MJ | |
| 295 | Chestnut-crowned Foliage-gleaner | Automolus rufipileatus | NWC | |
| 296 | Western Woodhaunter | Automolus virgatus | RS | |
| 297 | Spotted Barbtail | Premnoplex brunnescens | NMR,SI,SPM | |
| 298 | Pearled Treerunner | Margarornis squamiger | GLR,SI | |
| 299 | Andean Tit-Spinetail | Leptasthenura andicola | AN,PP | |
| 300 | Many-striped Canastero | Asthenes flammulata | PP | |
| 301 | Streak-backed Canastero | Asthenes wyatti | AN | |
| 302 | White-chinned Thistletail | Asthenes fuliginosa | PP | |
| 303 | Red-faced Spinetail | Cranioleuca erythrops | FAP,MV | |
| 304 | Ash-browed Spinetail | Cranioleuca curtata | SI | |
| 305 | Azara's Spinetail | Synallaxis azarae | AN,FAP,SI | |
| 306 | Dark-breasted Spinetail | Synallaxis albigularis | EPR | |
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| 307 | Dwarf Tyrant-Manakin | Tyranneutes stolzmanni | NWC | |
| 308 | Blue-backed Manakin | Chiroxiphia pareola | NWC | |
| 309 | Velvety Manakin | Lepidothrix velutina | RS | |
| 310 | Orange-crowned Manakin | Heterocercus aurantiivertex | NWC | |
| 311 | White-bearded Manakin | Manacus manacus | AR,RS | |
| 312 | Wire-tailed Manakin | Pipra filicauda | NWC | |
| 313 | Club-winged Manakin | Machaeropterus deliciosus | RS | |
| 314 | White-crowned Manakin | Pseudopipra pipra | NWC | |
| ||||
| 315 | Green-and-black Fruiteater | Pipreola riefferii | BCFR,GR | |
| 316 | Barred Fruiteater | Pipreola arcuata | YR | |
| 317 | Andean Cock-of-the-rock | Rupicola peruvianus | FAP | |
| 318 | Olivaceous Piha | Snowornis cryptolophus | FAP | |
| 319 | Purple-throated Fruitcrow | Querula purpurata | NWC,RS | |
| 320 | Plum-throated Cotinga | Cotinga maynana | NWC | |
| 321 | Spangled Cotinga | Cotinga cayana | NWC | |
| 322 | Screaming Piha | Lipaugus vociferans | NWC | |
| 323 | Dusky Piha | Lipaugus fuscocinereus | GLR | |
| 324 | Bare-necked Fruitcrow | Gymnoderus foetidus | NWC | |
| ||||
| 325 | Black-tailed Tityra | Tityra cayana | NWC | |
| 326 | Black-crowned Tityra | Tityra inquisitor | HML,RS | |
| 327 | Masked Tityra | Tityra semifasciata | EPR,RS | |
| 328 | White-browed Purpletuft | Iodopleura isabellae | EPR | |
| 329 | Barred Becard | Pachyramphus versicolor | FAP | |
| 330 | Cinnamon Becard | Pachyramphus cinnamomeus | MJ | |
| 331 | Chestnut-crowned Becard | Pachyramphus castaneus | EPR | |
| 332 | White-winged Becard | Pachyramphus polychopterus | MJ | |
| 333 | Black-and-white Becard | Pachyramphus albogriseus | HML | |
| 334 | One-colored Becard | Pachyramphus homochrous | MV,RS | |
| ||||
| 335 | White-throated Spadebill | Platyrinchus mystaceus | RS | |
| 336 | Streak-necked Flycatcher | Mionectes striaticollis | BCFR,SI | |
| 337 | Sepia-capped Flycatcher | Leptopogon amaurocephalus | SI | |
| 338 | Slaty-capped Flycatcher | Leptopogon superciliaris | RS | |
| 339 | Rufous-breasted Flycatcher | Leptopogon rufipectus | SI | |
| 340 | Marble-faced Bristle-Tyrant | Pogonotriccus ophthalmicus | BRR | |
| 341 | Rufous-headed Pygmy-Tyrant | Pseudotriccus ruficeps | GR | |
| 342 | Scale-crested Pygmy-Tyrant | Lophotriccus pileatus | MV,RS | |
| 343 | Rufous-crowned Tody-Flycatcher | Poecilotriccus ruficeps | SI | |
| 344 | Golden-winged Tody-Flycatcher | Poecilotriccus calopterus | AR | |
| 345 | Common Tody-Flycatcher | Todirostrum cinereum | HML,RS | |
| 346 | Yellow-browed Tody-Flycatcher | Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum | NWC | |
| 347 | Yellow-olive Flatbill | Tolmomyias sulphurescens | RS | |
| 348 | Yellow-winged Flatbill | Tolmomyias flavotectus | RS | |
| 349 | Cinnamon Flycatcher | Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus | GR,SI | |
| 350 | Ornate Flycatcher | Myiotriccus ornatus | MBS,MV | |
| 351 | Handsome Flycatcher | Nephelomyias pulcher | SI | |
| 352 | Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet | Camptostoma obsoletum | RS | |
| 353 | Brown-capped Tyrannulet | Ornithion brunneicapillus | RS | |
| 354 | White-tailed Tyrannulet | Mecocerculus poecilocercus | BCFR,FAP | |
| 355 | White-banded Tyrannulet | Mecocerculus stictopterus | GLR,PPWP,YR | |
| 356 | Rufous-winged Tyrannulet | Mecocerculus calopterus | FAP | |
| 357 | Sulphur-bellied Tyrannulet | Mecocerculus minor | SI | |
| 358 | Tufted Tit-Tyrant | Anairetes parulus | PP,PPWP | |
| 359 | Agile Tit-Tyrant | Uromyias agilis | PPWP | |
| 360 | Yellow Tyrannulet | Capsiempis flaveola | MV | |
| 361 | Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet | Tyrannulus elatus | AR,HML | |
| 362 | Gray-headed Elaenia | Myiopagis caniceps | HML,RS | |
| 363 | Yellow-bellied Elaenia | Elaenia flavogaster | MV | |
| 364 | White-crested Elaenia | Elaenia albiceps | MJ,SI | |
| 365 | Torrent Tyrannulet | Serpophaga cinerea | AR,BRR,MV | |
| 366 | Choco Tyrannulet | Zimmerius albigularis | MV | |
| 367 | Golden-faced Tyrannulet | Zimmerius chrysops | GR,HML,NWC | |
| 368 | Olive-chested Flycatcher | Myiophobus cryptoxanthus | BRR | |
| 369 | Mouse-gray Flycatcher | Myiophobus crypterythrus | MV | |
| 370 | /Olive-sided Flycatcher/ | Contopus cooperi | HML | |
| 371 | Smoke-colored Pewee | Contopus fumigatus | AR,BRR,MJ | |
| 372 | /Western Wood-Pewee/ | Contopus sordidulus | MJ,MV,RS | |
| 373 | /Eastern Wood-Pewee/ | Contopus virens | EPR,HML | |
| 374 | /Acadian Flycatcher/ | Empidonax virescens | RS | |
| 375 | Black Phoebe | Sayornis nigricans | Many | |
| 376 | Drab Water Tyrant | Ochthornis littoralis | NWC | |
| 377 | Plain-capped Ground-Tyrant | Muscisaxicola alpinus | AN,PP | |
| 378 | Black-billed Shrike-Tyrant | Agriornis montanus | AN | |
| 379 | White-tailed Shrike-Tyrant | Agriornis albicauda | QTO | |
| 380 | Streak-throated Bush-Tyrant | Myiotheretes striaticollis | PP,YR | |
| 381 | Smoky Bush-Tyrant | Myiotheretes fumigatus | YR | |
| 382 | Masked Water-Tyrant | Fluvicola nengeta | MBS | |
| 383 | Crowned Chat-Tyrant | Silvicultrix frontalis | YR | |
| 384 | Brown-backed Chat-Tyrant | Ochthoeca fumicolor | AN,PP | |
| 385 | Cinnamon Attila | Attila cinnamomeus | NWC | |
| 386 | Bright-rumped Attila | Attila spadiceus | NWCh | |
| 387 | White-rumped Sirystes | Sirystes albocinereus | NWC | |
| 388 | Dusky-capped Flycatcher | Myiarchus tuberculifer | MJ,RS | |
| 389 | Short-crested Flycatcher | Myiarchus ferox | NWC | |
| 390 | Pale-edged Flycatcher | Myiarchus cephalotes | SI | |
| 391 | Great Kiskadee | Pitangus sulphuratus | EPR,HMLh,NWC | |
| 392 | Lesser Kiskadee | Philohydor lictor | NWC | |
| 393 | Boat-billed Flycatcher | Megarynchus pitangua | Many | |
| 394 | Rusty-margined Flycatcher | Myiozetetes cayanensis | MBS,MRB,RS,SPM | |
| 395 | Social Flycatcher | Myiozetetes similis | AR,EPR,HML,NWC,RS | |
| 396 | Gray-capped Flycatcher | Myiozetetes granadensis | AR,HML,NWC | |
| 397 | Golden-bellied Flycatcher | Myiodynastes hemichrysus | Many | |
| 398 | Streaked Flycatcher | Myiodynastes maculatus | RS | |
| 399 | Piratic Flycatcher | Legatus leucophaius | AR,HML | |
| 400 | \Crowned Slaty Flycatcher\ | Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus | NWC | |
| 401 | Sulphury Flycatcher | Tyrannopsis sulphurea | HML | |
| 402 | Snowy-throated Kingbird | Tyrannus niveigularis | MBS | |
| 403 | Tropical Kingbird | Tyrannus melancholicus | Many | |
| ||||
| 404 | Black-billed Peppershrike | Cyclarhis nigrirostris | SI | |
| 405 | Slaty-capped Shrike-Vireo | Vireolanius leucotis | RSh | |
| 406 | Lesser Greenlet | Pachysilvia decurtata | RS | |
| 407 | Brown-capped Vireo | Vireo leucophrys | GLR,GR,MJ,MV,SI | |
| 408 | Red-eyed Vireo | Vireo olivaceus | EPR,FAP,MJ,RS | |
| ||||
| 409 | Turquoise Jay | Cyanolyca turcosa | BCFR,GLR,GR,YRh | |
| 410 | Inca Jay | Cyanocorax yncas | SI | |
| 411 | Violaceous Jay | Cyanocorax violaceus | AR,EPR,NWC | |
| ||||
| 412 | Black-capped Donacobius | Donacobius atricapilla | NWC | |
| ||||
| 413 | /Bank Swallow/ | Riparia riparia | NWC | |
| 414 | White-winged Swallow | Tachycineta albiventer | NWC | |
| 415 | Gray-breasted Martin | Progne chalybea | EPR,NWC | |
| 416 | Brown-chested Martin | Progne tapera | NWC | |
| 417 | Southern Rough-winged Swallow | Stelgidopteryx ruficollis | FAP,RS | |
| 418 | White-thighed Swallow | Atticora tibialis | AR,MBS | |
| 419 | White-banded Swallow | Atticora fasciata | AR,EPR,HML,NWC | |
| 420 | Blue-and-white Swallow | Pygochelidon cyanoleuca | Many | |
| 421 | Pale-footed Swallow | Orochelidon flavipes | SI | |
| 422 | Brown-bellied Swallow | Orochelidon murina | PP,PPWP,YR | |
| 423 | /Barn Swallow/ | Hirundo rustica | AR | |
| ||||
| 424 | Nightingale Wren | Microcerculus philomela | RSh | |
| 425 | Scaly-breasted Wren | Microcerculus marginatus | ARh,NWC | |
| 426 | House Wren | Troglodytes aedon | Many | |
| 427 | Mountain Wren | Troglodytes solstitialis | GLR,SI | |
| 428 | Grass Wren | Cistothorus platensis | AN | |
| 429 | Band-backed Wren | Campylorhynchus zonatus | RSh | |
| 430 | Coraya Wren | Pheugopedius coraya | NWCh | |
| 431 | Buff-breasted Wren | Cantorchilus leucotis | NWC | |
| 432 | Rufous Wren | Cinnycerthia unirufa | GR,YR | |
| 433 | Sharpe's Wren | Cinnycerthia olivascens | SI | |
| 434 | Gray-breasted Wood-Wren | Henicorhina leucophrys | BCFR,FAP,HML,SI | |
| ||||
| 435 | White-capped Dipper | Cinclus leucocephalus | BRR,GLR | |
| ||||
| 436 | Andean Solitaire | Myadestes ralloides | BCFR,FAP,GRh | |
| 437 | /Swainson's Thrush/ | Catharus ustulatus | BCFR,EPR,MV,SI | |
| 438 | White-necked Thrush | Turdus albicollis | NWC | |
| 439 | Ecuadorian Thrush | Turdus maculirostris | FAP,SPM | |
| 440 | Lawrence's Thrush | Turdus lawrencii | NWCh | |
| 441 | Black-billed Thrush | Turdus ignobilis | AR,HML | |
| 442 | Great Thrush | Turdus fuscater | Many | |
| 443 | Glossy-black Thrush | Turdus serranus | SI | |
| ||||
| 444 | Paramo Pipit | Anthus bogotensis | AN | |
| ||||
| 445 | Golden-rumped Euphonia | Chlorophonia cyanocephala | AR | |
| 446 | Chestnut-breasted Chlorophonia | Chlorophonia pyrrhophrys | SI | |
| 447 | <Yellow-collared Chlorophonia> | Chlorophonia flavirostris | MBS | |
| 448 | Thick-billed Euphonia | Euphonia laniirostris | HML,MV,RS | |
| 449 | Orange-bellied Euphonia | Euphonia xanthogaster | Many | |
| 450 | Hooded Siskin | Spinus magellanicus | AN | |
| 451 | Olivaceous Siskin | Spinus olivaceus | AR,SI | |
| ||||
| 452 | Yellow-throated Chlorospingus | Chlorospingus flavigularis | GR,MBS | |
| 453 | Common Chlorospingus | Chlorospingus flavopectus | GR,SI | |
| 454 | Dusky Chlorospingus | Chlorospingus semifuscus | BCFR | |
| 455 | Yellow-browed Sparrow | Ammodramus aurifrons | AR,BRRh,HML | |
| 456 | Rufous-collared Sparrow | Zonotrichia capensis | Many | |
| 457 | Tricolored Brushfinch | Atlapetes tricolor | MJ | |
| 458 | Slaty Brushfinch | Atlapetes schistaceus | GLR | |
| 459 | Pale-naped Brushfinch | Atlapetes pallidinucha | PPWP | |
| 460 | White-winged Brushfinch | Atlapetes leucopterus | BCFR | |
| 461 | Yellow-breasted Brushfinch | Atlapetes latinucha | YR | |
| ||||
| 462 | Red-breasted Meadowlark | Leistes militaris | HML | |
| 463 | Russet-backed Oropendola | Psarocolius angustifrons | AR,NWC,SI | |
| 464 | Green Oropendola | Psarocolius viridis | EPR,NWCh | |
| 465 | Crested Oropendola | Psarocolius decumanus | EPR,NWC | |
| 466 | Olive Oropendola | Psarocolius bifasciatus | EPR | |
| 467 | Scarlet-rumped Cacique | Cacicus uropygialis | RS | |
| 468 | Yellow-rumped Cacique | Cacicus cela | AR,EPR,HML,NWC | |
| 469 | Northern Mountain Cacique** | Cacicus leucoramphus | GR,SI | |
| 470 | Red-rumped Cacique | Cacicus haemorrhous | NWC | |
| 471 | Casqued Cacique | Cacicus oseryi | NWC | |
| 472 | Yellow-tailed Oriole | Icterus mesomelas | RS | |
| 473 | Moriche Oriole** | Icterus chrysocephalus | NWC | |
| 474 | Orange-backed Troupial | Icterus croconotus | EPR,NWC | |
| 475 | Shiny Cowbird | Molothrus bonariensis | MBS,MV | |
| 476 | Giant Cowbird | Molothrus oryzivorus | NWC | |
| 477 | Oriole Blackbird | Gymnomystax mexicanus | NWC | |
| ||||
| 478 | /Black-and-white Warbler/ | Mniotilta varia | SI | |
| 479 | /American Redstart/ | Setophaga ruticilla | EPR | |
| 480 | Tropical Parula | Setophaga pitiayumi | MJ,MV,RS,SI | |
| 481 | /Blackburnian Warbler/ | Setophaga fusca | Many | |
| 482 | Black-crested Warbler | Myiothlypis nigrocristata | GLRh,GR,SI | |
| 483 | Russet-crowned Warbler | Myiothlypis coronata | BCFRh | |
| 484 | /Canada Warbler/ | Cardellina canadensis | EPR,SI | |
| 485 | Slate-throated Redstart | Myioborus miniatus | Many | |
| 486 | Spectacled Redstart | Myioborus melanocephalus | GR,PP,PPWP,SI,YR | |
| ||||
| 487 | /Summer Tanager/ | Piranga rubra | Many | |
| 488 | /Scarlet Tanager/ | Piranga olivacea | AR,EPR,HML,NWC | |
| 489 | Golden Grosbeak | Pheucticus chrysogaster | BCFR,NMR | |
| ||||
| 490 | Magpie Tanager | Cissopis leverianus | AR | |
| 491 | Black-eared Hemispingus | Sphenopsis melanotis | GR,SI | |
| 492 | Superciliaried Hemispingus | Thlypopsis superciliaris | YR | |
| 493 | White-shouldered Tanager | Loriotus luctuosus | RS | |
| 494 | Tawny-crested Tanager | Tachyphonus delatrii | RS | |
| 495 | White-lined Tanager | Tachyphonus rufus | AR,HML,MV,RS | |
| 496 | Fulvous Shrike-Tanager | Lanio fulvus | EPR | |
| 497 | Lemon-rumped Tanager** | Ramphocelus icteronotus | Many | |
| 498 | Silver-beaked Tanager | Ramphocelus carbo | AR,HML | |
| 499 | Masked Crimson Tanager | Ramphocelus nigrogularis | HML,NWC | |
| 500 | Hooded Mountain Tanager | Buthraupis montana | GLR,GR,YR | |
| 501 | Blue-capped Tanager | Sporathraupis cyanocephala | BCFR | |
| 502 | Grass-green Tanager | Chlorornis riefferii | GR,SI | |
| 503 | Black-chested Mountain Tanager | Cnemathraupis eximia | YR | |
| 504 | Lacrimose Mountain Tanager | Anisognathus lacrymosus | GLR,GR | |
| 505 | Scarlet-bellied Mountain Tanager | Anisognathus igniventris | YR | |
| 506 | Blue-winged Mountain Tanager | Anisognathus somptuosus | BCFR,FAP,GR,SI | |
| 507 | Buff-breasted Mountain Tanager | Dubusia taeniata | YR | |
| 508 | Fawn-breasted Tanager | Pipraeidea melanonota | AR,SI | |
| 509 | Blue-gray Tanager | Thraupis episcopus | Many | |
| 510 | Palm Tanager | Thraupis palmarum | AR,HML,MRB,MV,RS | |
| 511 | Rufous-throated Tanager | Ixothraupis rufigula | MBS | |
| 512 | Yellow-bellied Tanager | Ixothraupis xanthogastra | HML | |
| 513 | Golden-naped Tanager | Chalcothraupis ruficervix | BCFR,GR,SI | |
| 514 | Black-capped Tanager | Stilpnia heinei | AR,FAP,SI | |
| 515 | Blue-necked Tanager | Stilpnia cyanicollis | AR,BRR,MRB,MV,RS | |
| 516 | Blue-and-black Tanager | Tangara vassorii | GLR,GR | |
| 517 | Beryl-spangled Tanager | Tangara nigroviridis | GR,MV,SI | |
| 518 | Metallic-green Tanager | Tangara labradorides | BCFR,FAP | |
| 519 | Turquoise Tanager | Tangara mexicana | HML,NWC | |
| 520 | Paradise Tanager | Tangara chilensis | AR,HML,NWC | |
| 521 | Opal-crowned Tanager | Tangara callophrys | NWC | |
| 522 | Rufous-winged Tanager | Tangara lavinia | MBS | |
| 523 | Bay-headed Tanager | Tangara gyrola | MBS,MV | |
| 524 | Saffron-crowned Tanager | Tangara xanthocephala | BRR,GR,SI | |
| 525 | Flame-faced Tanager | Tangara parzudakii | FAP,SI | |
| 526 | Green-and-gold Tanager | Tangara schrankii | EPR | |
| 527 | Blue-whiskered Tanager | Tangara johannae | RS | |
| 528 | Golden Tanager | Tangara arthus | BCFR,FAP,MBS,MV | |
| 529 | Silver-throated Tanager | Tangara icterocephala | MRB,MV,RS | |
| 530 | Swallow Tanager | Tersina viridis | EPR,HML,MBS | |
| 531 | Black-faced Dacnis | Dacnis lineata | HML | |
| 532 | Yellow-tufted Dacnis** | Dacnis egregia | MRB,RS | |
| 533 | Yellow-bellied Dacnis | Dacnis flaviventer | HML | |
| 534 | Purple Honeycreeper | Cyanerpes caeruleus | AR,EPR,RS | |
| 535 | Green Honeycreeper | Chlorophanes spiza | MRB,NWC,RS | |
| 536 | Guira Tanager | Hemithraupis guira | RS | |
| 537 | Capped Conebill | Conirostrum albifrons | BCFR,GLR,MJ,SI | |
| 538 | Cinereous Conebill | Conirostrum cinereum | YR | |
| 539 | Glossy Flowerpiercer | Diglossa lafresnayii | YR | |
| 540 | Black Flowerpiercer | Diglossa humeralis | NMR,PP | |
| 541 | White-sided Flowerpiercer | Diglossa albilatera | BCFR | |
| 542 | Bluish Flowerpiercer | Diglossa caerulescens | GR,SI | |
| 543 | Masked Flowerpiercer | Diglossa cyanea | BCFR,GLR,MJ,SI,YR | |
| 544 | Plumbeous Sierra Finch | Geospizopsis unicolor | AN,PP | |
| 545 | Gray-hooded Bush Tanager | Cnemoscopus rubrirostris | GLR | |
| 546 | <Grassland Yellow-Finch> | Sicalis luteola | AN | |
| 547 | Blue-black Grassquit | Volatinia jacarina | AR,HML,RS | |
| 548 | Chestnut-bellied Seedeater | Sporophila castaneiventris | AR,HML | |
| 549 | Thick-billed Seed-Finch | Sporophila funerea | RS | |
| 550 | Chestnut-bellied Seed-Finch | Sporophila angolensis | EPR | |
| 551 | Variable Seedeater | Sporophila corvina | MV,RS | |
| 552 | Wing-barred Seedeater | Sporophila americana | AR | |
| 553 | Black-and-white Seedeater | Sporophila luctuosa | AR | |
| 554 | Yellow-bellied Seedeater | Sporophila nigricollis | MV,RS | |
| 555 | Plain-colored Seedeater | Catamenia inornata | AN,PP | |
| 556 | Bananaquit | Coereba flaveola | Many | |
| 557 | Yellow-faced Grassquit | Tiaris olivaceus | FAP | |
| 558 | Buff-throated Saltator | Saltator maximus | MBS,MJ,MV,RS | |
| 559 | Black-winged Saltator | Saltator atripennis | MV | |
| 560 | Bluish-gray Saltator | Saltator coerulescens | AR,EPR,HML | |
*Nomenclature and taxonomic affinities are based on Clements 6th Edition published 2007 with updates through 2021 maintained by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, which relies largely on the AOU and SACC nomenclature committees. IUCN status may reflect splits not currently recognized by Clements.
**Species not accepted by Clements, AOU, or SACC that we recognize based on the IOC, field observations along with geographical separation, consensus opinions of field guide authors, and other sources. These species are potential splits in future Clements updates.
BIRDING LOCALES
PRESENCE CODES
| Code | Description | ## |
| // | Boreal Visitor | 43 |
| \\ | Austral Visitor | 10 |
| || | Transient | 6 |
| ## | Non-breeding Dispersal | 0 |
| <> | Erratic/Irregular | 10 |
| () | Breeding Season Only | 2 |
| {} | Casual/Vagrant | 9 |
| [] | Accidental | 5 |
Species counts in code tables depend on completeness of the data. For some countries or locales, data may not include all species or information on species presence may be incomplete.